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Contributors
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Preface
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Section One Botulinum Neurotoxin: Basic Science and Reconstitution
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1. Pharmacology of Botulinum Neurotoxins
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Katharine E. Alter, Fatta B. Nahab, and Barbara I. Karp
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2. Comparison of Botulinum Neurotoxin Products
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Katharine E. Alter and Fatta B. Nahab
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3. Neurotoxin Storage, Reconstitution, Handling, and Dilution
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Katharine E. Alter and Codrin Lungu
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4. Guidance Techniques for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injections
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Katharine E. Alter and Michael C. Munin
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5. Phenol Nerve Blocks
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Zachary Bohart, Stephen Koelbel, and Katharine E. Alter
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Section Two Clinical Applications of Botulinum Neurotoxins
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Part I Botulinum Neurotoxins for the Treatment of Muscle Overactivity Associated with Focal Dystonia Syndromes and Upper Motor Neuron Syndromes
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Craniofacial Dystonia
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6. Benign Essential Blepharospasm
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Katharine E. Alter and Barbara I. Karp
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7. Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy for Hemifacial Spasm
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Katharine E. Alter and Barbara I. Karp
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8. Botulinum Neurotoxin Injections for Oromandibular Dystonias
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Katharine E. Alter and Barbara I. Karp
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Illustrations for Craniofacial DystoniaóChapters 6ñ8
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Cervical Dystonia
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9. Botulinum Neurotoxin Injections for Cervical Dystonia
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Katharine E. Alter, Michael C. Munin, and Sherry A. Downie
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Illustrations for Cervical DystoniaóChapter 9
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Upper Limb, Lower Limb, and Trunk Dystonia
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10. Botulinum Neurotoxin for the Treatment of Idiopathic Primary Focal Limb Dystonia
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Katharine E. Alter, David Simpson, and Elie Elovic
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11. Botulinum Neurotoxin for Treatment of Muscle Overactivity Associated with Upper Motor Neuron Syndromes
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Katharine E. Alter, John McGuire, and Stephen Nichols
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12. Botulinum Neurotoxin for the Treatment of Trunk Dystonia/Camptocormia
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Katharine E. Alter and Codrin Lungu
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13. Botulinum Neurotoxin Injections for the Treatment of Tremor
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Katharine E. Alter and Pritha Ghosh
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Illustrations for Upper Limb, Lower Limb, and Trunk DystoniaóChapters 10ñ13
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Part II Botulinum Neurotoxins for Neurosecretory Disorders
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14. Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy for Problematic Sialorrhea
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Katharine E. Alter
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15. Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy for Hyperhidrosis
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Katharine E. Alter and Codrin Lungu
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Part III Botulinum Neurotoxins for Urologic Disorders
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16. Botulinum Neurotoxin for Urologic Conditions
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Katharine E. Alter and Dallas A. Lea II
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Part IV Botulinum Neurotoxins for Pain Conditions
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17. Botulinum Neurotoxins for the Treatment of Headache
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Katharine E. Alter and Pritha Ghosh
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Illustrations for Migraine Injection PatternsóChapter 17
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18. Botulinum Neurotoxin for Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions
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Katharine E. Alter and Nicole A. Wilson
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Appendices
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A. Ashworth and Modified Ashworth Scale for Grading Muscle Hypertonia
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B. Blepharospasm Disability Index Scale
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C. Blepharospasm Disability Scale
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D. BurkeñFahnñMarsden Dystonia Scale
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E. Dystonia Discomfort Scale
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F. Modified Tardieu Scale
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G. Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Severity Scale
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References
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Index
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Anatomic Illustrations
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Illustrations for Craniofacial Dystonia
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Figure 1 Technique for intradermal botulinum neurotoxin injections.
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Figure 2 Injection patterns for blepharospasm.
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Figure 3 Muscles of facial expression, hemifacial spasm.
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Figure 4 Temporalis muscle, oromandibular dystonia.
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Figure 5 Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, oromandibular dystonia.
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Illustrations for Cervical Dystonia
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Figure 1 Cervical muscles, anterolateral view, superficial and intermediate muscle layers.
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Figure 2 Cervical muscles, anterior view, intermediate and deep muscle layers.
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Figure 3 Cervical muscles, posterior view, intermediate and deep muscle layers.
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Illustrations for Upper Limb, Lower Limb, and Trunk Dystonia
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Figure 1 Thigh muscles, cross-sectional anatomy.
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Figure 2 Calf muscles, cross-sectional anatomy.
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Figure 3 Arm muscles, cross-sectional anatomy.
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Figure 4 Forearm muscles, cross-sectional anatomy.
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Figure 5 Abdominal muscles.
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Illustrations for Migraine Injection Patterns
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Figure 1 Botulinum neurotoxin injection pattern for migraine, facial muscle injection sites.
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Figure 2 Botulinum neurotoxin injection pattern for migraine, facial and neck muscle injection sites.
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