Laboratory Screening and Diagnostic Evaluation

An Evidence-Based Approach

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Laboratory Screening and Diagnostic Evaluation

An Evidence-Based Approach

Editors

Kelly Small Casler, DNP, APRN, FNP-BC, CHSE

Kate Gawlik, DNP, APRN-CNP, FAANP

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Description

"[the authors] did a masterful job of creating and editing this gold standard book that should be used by all clinicians and incorporated into all nursing and health sciences curriculums."

-Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk, PhD, APRN-CNP, FNAP, FAANP, FAAN

Vice President for Health Promotion

University Chief Wellness Officer

Dean and Helene Fuld Health Trust Professor of Evidence-Based Practice, College of Nursing

Professor of Pediatrics & Psychiatry, College of Medicine

Executive Director, the Helene Fuld Health Trust National Institute for EBP

The Ohio State University

This is the only book to explicitly guide clinicians through an evidence-based approach to ordering and interpreting laboratory tests. With over 160 commonly ordered tests, this book is designed to foster more accurate clinical decision-making to attain the highest level of patient care. This book summarizes more than 3000 pieces of evidence and incorporates clinical expertise and decision-making on the ordering and interpretation of tests. To promote ease of use, a convenient table maps labs and their corresponding chapter numbers to the relevant body system to promote ease of use.

Each laboratory test is presented in a consistent format with information on physiology, indications (screening, diagnosis, and monitoring), algorithms, test interpretation and follow-up testing, patient education, and related diagnoses. Additional valuable features include clinical pearls that highlight common pitfalls and gaps in reasoning, and a cost-benefit analysis. This book also includes CPT and ICD-10 codes, charts and tables for clarification, and references for further study.

Key Features:

Delivers a strong, evidence-based approach to ordering and interpreting over 160 laboratory tests
Promotes accurate clinical decision-making toward achieving the Triple Aim
Includes abundant clinical pearls highlighting common pitfalls and gaps in reasoning
Provides cost-benefit analysis and discussion of laboratory testing within a high-value healthcare culture
Includes 175 supplemental case examples and 200 self-assessment questions to facilitate instruction and learning
Includes more than 3000 pieces of evidence from interprofessional resources

Contents

PART I: Foundational Concepts for Evidence-Based Use of Laboratory Tests

Chapter 1. Principles of Evidence-Based Practice for Clinical Decision-Making Regarding Laboratory Tests

Chapter 2. Clinical Decision-Making using Laboratory Tests: Thinking Like a Clinical Expert

Chapter 3. Introduction to Laboratory Processes and Methods

Chapter 4. Laboratory Policy and Regulations

PART II: Evidence-Based Use of Laboratory Tests Relating to Genetics and Special Circumstances

Chapter 5. Direct to Consumer Genetic Testing

Chapter 6. Cancer Genetic Testing for Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Screening

Chapter 7. Genetic Testing for Pharmacotherapy

Chapter 8. Evidence-Based Use of Laboratory Tests in the Peri-Operative Setting

Chapter 9. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Peak & Trough

Chapter 10. Genetic Testing for Prescribing in Mental Health

PART III: Evidence-Based Use of Individual Laboratory Tests

Chapter 11. 17 Hydroxyprogesterone

Chapter 12. Adenovirus Conjunctivitis Test

Chapter 13. Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH) and ACTH Stimulation Test

Chapter 14. Aldosterone, Renin, and the Aldosterone to Renin Ratio

Chapter 15. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

Chapter 16. Ammonia

Chapter 17. Andriostenedione

Chapter 18. Anti-Parietal Cell Antibody and Intrinsic Factor

Chapter 19. Antibodies—MMR and Varicella

Chapter 20. Antidiuretic Hormone

Chapter 21. Anti-Müllerian Hormone

Chapter 22. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies

Chapter 23. Antinuclear Antibodies

Chapter 24. Antistreptolysin Titre

Chapter 25. Antithrombin III

Chapter 26. Arterial Blood Gases

Chapter 27. Autoantibodies in Diabetes

Chapter 28. Arthrocentesis Analysis

Chapter 29. Beta Hydroxybutyrate

Chapter 30. Bilirubin

Chapter 31. Blood Typing and Rh

Chapter 32. Blood Urea Nitrogen, Creatinine, and Glomerular Filtration Rate (Basic Metabolic Panel)

Chapter 33. Brain Natriuretic Peptide

Chapter 34. C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

Chapter 35. Calcitonin and Procalcitonin

Chapter 36. Calcium, Ionized

Chapter 37. Cancer Antigen 125 (CA125)

Chapter 38. Carbamazepine/Tegretol Levels

Chapter 39. Carboxyhemoglobin

Chapter 40. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)

Chapter 41. Catecholamine Testing

Chapter 42. Celiac Disease Testing

Chapter 43. Cell-free DNA

Chapter 44. Cerebral Spinal Fluid Analysis

Chapter 45. Ceruloplasmin

Chapter 46. Chloride Sweat Test

Chapter 47. Clostridium Difficile Testing

Chapter 48. Cold Agglutinins

Chapter 49. Complement Studies

Chapter 50. Coombs' Direct and Indirect Antibody Tests

Chapter 51. Copper
Chapter 52. Coronaviruses (SARS-COV2, MERS, SARS)
Chapter 53. Corrected Thrombin Time and Mixing Studies
Chapter 54. Cortisol, Serum
Chapter 55. Cortisol (Salivary and Urine)
Chapter 56. Creatinine Kinase
Chapter 57. Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody and Rheumatoid Factor
Chapter 58. Cystatin
Chapter 59. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Chapter 60. D-Dimer
Chapter 61. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Chapter 62. Dexamethasone Suppression Test
Chapter 63. Divalproex Sodium/Valproic Acid
Chapter 64. Electrolytes (Basic Metabolic Panel)
Chapter 65. Epstein-Barr Virus Testing
Chapter 66. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Chapter 67. Estrogen: Estrone, Estradiol, and Estriol
Chapter 68. Ethanol/Alcohol Levels
Chapter 69. Extractable Nuclear Antigen Antibodies
Chapter 70. Factor Assays
Chapter 71. Fecal Elastase
Chapter 72. Fecal Occult Blood Test, Fecal Immunochemical Test, and Multitarget Stool DNA Tests
Chapter 73. Ferritin and Iron Studies
Chapter 74. Fetal Fibronectin
Chapter 75. Fibrinogen
Chapter 76. First Trimester Screening
Chapter 77. Folate
Chapter 78. Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)
Chapter 79. Gastrin and Pepsinogen
Chapter 80. Glucose (White Blood, Serum, or Plasma)
Chapter 81. Glucose Tolerance Test
Chapter 82. Gonorrhea and Chlamydia
Chapter 83. Gram Stain, Culture, and Sensitivities
Chapter 84. Group B Strep
Chapter 85. Haptoglobin
Chapter 86. Helicobacter Pylori Tests
Chapter 87. Hemoglobin A1C
Chapter 88. Hemoglobinopathies
Chapter 89. Hepatitis (Infectious) Testing
Chapter 90. Herpes Simplex Virus
Chapter 91. Hemocysteine
Chapter 92. Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
Chapter 93. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and CD4
Chapter 94. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)
Chapter 95. Human Papilloma Virus Tests and Cervical Cytology
Chapter 96. Immunoglobulin E and Skin Allergy Testing
Chapter 97. Influenza
Chapter 98. Insulin and C-peptide
Chapter 99. Insulin-Like Growth Factor and Growth Hormone
Chapter 100. Interferon-Gamma Release Assays
Chapter 101. Lactate
Chapter 102. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Chapter 103. Lead
Chapter 104. Leiden Factor V Analysis (R506Q)
Chapter 105. Levetiracetam (Keppra)
Chapter 106. Lipase and Amylase
Chapter 107. Lipid Profiles and Lipoprotein Tests
Chapter 108. Lithium
Chapter 109. Liver Enzymes
Chapter 110. Lupus Anticoagulant and Antiphospholipid Antibodies
Chapter 111. Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Chapter 112. Lyme Antibodies
Chapter 113. Magnesium
Chapter 114. Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR)
Chapter 115. Methylmalonic Acid (MMA)
Chapter 116. Newborn Screening Panels
Chapter 117. Oxcarbazepine
Chapter 118. Parathyroid Hormone
Chapter 119. Peripheral Smear
Chapter 120. Peritoneal Fluid Analysis

Chapter 121. Phosphorus
Chapter 122. Platelets and Mean Platelet Volume
Chapter 123. Pleural Fluid Analysis
Chapter 124. Potassium Testing for Skin Conditions
Chapter 125. Prealbumin and Albumin
Chapter 126. Progesterone
Chapter 127. Prolactin
Chapter 128. Prostate Specific Antigen
Chapter 129. Protein C
Chapter 130. Protein Electrophoresis
Chapter 131. Protein S
Chapter 132. Prothrombin Gene Mutation (G20210A)
Chapter 133. Prothrombin, Partial Thromboplastin Time, and International Normalized Ratio (INR)
Chapter 134. Quad Screen/Second Trimester Aneuploidy Screening
Chapter 135. Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count and RBC Indices
Chapter 136. Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Chapter 137. Respiratory Viral Panels
Chapter 138. Reticulocyte Indices
Chapter 139. Semen and Sperm Analysis
Chapter 140. Serum or Plasma Osmolality
Chapter 141. Skin Biopsy
Chapter 142. Stool Studies for Infection
Chapter 143. Streptococcal Sore Throat Testing
Chapter 144. Syphilis Tests (RPR and T Pallidum)
Chapter 145. Testosterone and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
Chapter 146. Thyroid Antibodies
Chapter 147. Thyroid Function Tests
Chapter 148. Trichomoniasis
Chapter 149. Troponin
Chapter 150. Uric Acid
Chapter 151. Urinalysis
Chapter 152. Urine Albumin
Chapter 153. Urine Creatinine Clearance
Chapter 154. Urine Culture and Sensitivity
Chapter 155. Urine Cytology
Chapter 156. Urine Drug Screen/Test
Chapter 157. Urine Osmolality
Chapter 158. Urine Protein
Chapter 159. Urine Stone Analysis
Chapter 160. Vaginitis Testing—Bacterial Vaginosis
Chapter 161. Vaginitis Testing —Candida
Chapter 162. Vitamin B12
Chapter 163. Vitamin D
Chapter 164. von Willebrand Disease Panels
Chapter 165. White Blood Cells and the Differential Count
Chapter 166. West Nile Virus
Chapter 167. Zika Virus
Chapter 168. Zinc

Authors

Kelly Small Casler, DNP, APRN, FNP-BC, CHSEAssistant Professor of Clinical Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH

Kate Sustersic Gawlik, DNP, APRN-CNP, FAANP, FNAP is an associate professor of clinical nursing at The Ohio State University. She is certified by the American Nurses Credentialing Center as an adult and family nurse practitioner. She has extensive background in primary care, with experience in family practice, college health, urgent care, and reproductive care. Her clinical interests are evidence-based practice, population health, preventive medicine, clinician well-being, parental burnout, health professionals’ education, wellness, and cardiovascular disease prevention. She has served as the project manager for the Million Hearts® initiatives at Ohio State's College of Nursing since 2013. She leads and serves on multiple state and national workgroups targeted at improving cardiovascular population health and improving student health and wellness.

Dr. Gawlik started her nursing career in 2006 and completed her MSc in nursing with a specialization as an adult/geriatric nurse practitioner in 2009 from The Ohio State University. In 2015, she graduated with her DNP and a post-master's certificate as a family nurse practitioner from The Ohio State University. Dr. Gawlik was awarded the Outstanding Faculty Award in 2013 and the Outstanding Leadership Award in 2017 at The Ohio State University. She received an Abstract of Distinction at the Council for the Advancement of Nursing Science Conference in 2016 and the Editor's Pick for 2017 Paper of the Year by the American Journal of Health Promotion for "An Epidemiological Study of Population Health Reveals Social Smoking as a Major Cardiovascular Risk Factor." She was awarded the 2018 American Association of Nurse Practitioner State Award for Excellence for Ohio. She was inducted as a fellow into the American Association of Nurse Practitioners in June 2018 and into the National Academies of Practice in March 2021. She received the 2022 American Association of Colleges of Nursing Innovations Award.

Dr. Gawlik has been teaching nursing students since 2007. She has taught a variety of undergraduate, RN--BSN, and graduate nursing courses and serves as a clinical preceptor for advanced practice nursing students. Her passion lies in teaching in the online platform, both in synchronous and asynchronous classrooms. She has been teaching solely online since 2012. Dr. Gawlik developed an online educational module on cardiovascular population health that is used nationally and internationally. The educational module has led to the cardiovascular screening of over 100,000 people. Her educational interests include the development of new and innovative teaching modalities and pedagogies for online teaching with a focus on advanced assessment, evidence-based practice, and health promotion courses.

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